Summary
The article discusses the essence of Europe Day, the story of this date and the way to the European integration, EU. Europe will not be made all at once, or according to a single plan. It will be built through concrete achievements which first create a de facto solidarity.
Keywords: Europe Day, European unity of coal and steel, Saar problem.
Civilized Europe on May 9 celebrated the 65th anniversary of his birth! The venerable age, indicating the successful combination of the integration of theory and practice, the successful implementation of the strategy and concept matching the then realities impressive predictability and objectivity of theoretical thinking, in practice.
Deep respect should be given to mastermind and distributors concept of integration - Monnet, Jean (Jean Monnet) and Robert Schumann (Robert Shuman), out of which all other positive characteristics found insight, thinking of strategy, prudence, perseverance and belief in victory.
It was May 9, 1950 Minister of Foreign Affairs of France Robert Schuman announced at a cabinet meeting now known plan - a proposal to merge the coal and steel industries of several countries, and thus - the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community (European Coal and Steel Community ). This document, which went down in history as the Schuman Declaration (The Schuman Declaration), the Minister called on France, Germany and other European countries combine the coal and steel industry, which is a source of support and development of defense industry and military equipment, and transmit them to the management newly created supranational structure.
The decision by France laid the foundation of the future of the European Union.
The plan was thought out in advance. His inspirer and author Jean Monet (Jean Monnet) - a government minister in charge of the German question. These eminent persons - Robert Schuman and Jean Monnet - despite the deep anti-German sentiment of French society that prevailed in the country, presciently saw the need to revive Germany, which was to become in the future not only reliable ally of France, but also peaceful country that never unleash war and refuses to assault others. They are convinced of the need of just such a choice other countries included in the ECSC - Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands (Benelux), which already had some experience in the integration of the interwar period, and Italy.
In deep conviction ideologues integration, only permanent control over coal and steel, which is the basis for the development of components and weapons, put an end to threats of war. Feature occurrence of such a decision were historical experience and Jean Monnet, and personal destiny of man frontier, a citizen of Europe - Robert Schumann. Last born 29 June 1886 in Luxembourg the family Frenchman, who was forced to become a German when the region annexed by Germany. And later the land was repeatedly passed from hand to hand, changing the power and life rules exist. As a result of historical cataclysms fairly wealthy family lost everything ... [1].
To join the countries ... Yes, it was a complex issue and a bold decision - to reverse the course of history, in constant historical enemy of France to see the future partner and ally.
What were guided by leading politicians taking the plan? Undoubtedly, above all, the interests of France itself. To ensure their own country reliability and safety, the former enemy must be under constant supervision. And it can be controlled in the event of failure to cooperate with him? This axiom than any other, explains the motives of solving the German question.
Another reason that prompted the French side to go to such a decision, there was a problem Saar coal basin (Saar) protectorate over which France got after the war and hidden net patriotism probably dreamed that the carboniferous European scrap remains in its possession. However, in this regard the French estimates do not come true: Saar inhabitants of the results of the referendum had chosen not France and Germany, joining it in 1956. Saarland - French protectorate in the years 1947-1956. After the Second World War, Saarland was again under the rule of France as a protectorate Saarland. According to the Plan Monnet, France tried to increase their control over the German industrial area, the Ruhr region and Zaarlandom with their large deposits of coal and minerals. In fact, it was the second raw material deposits and mining center industry after Silesia, which gave the Allies Poland and the German population deported. Under French management pro-German parties were banned. In the general election in December 1952 majority voted in support of pro-French parties, although 24% cast blank ballots in support of pro-German parties. According to the Paris Agreement October 23, 1954 France proposed to establish an independent "Saarland" under the auspices of the Western European Union (WEU). However, a referendum, which was held October 23, 1955, rejected the plan by a majority vote: 67.7 against 32.3%. The voters voted for the accession Saar to Germany. Saar Treaty was signed on 27 October 1956, followed by the Saar had to unite with Germany. As mentioned above, the main reason for controlling the Saar were large deposits of coal. To meet the demand of France, as compensation for the return of Saarland, Saar received a contract that allowed it to produce coal in Varndti to 1981. Germany also agreed to the carriage of coal on Moselle, in order to reduce freight cost for the French Lorraine steel industry. Nevertheless, Germany has agreed to study French as a first foreign schools in Saarland.
It is clear that France, which claimed the leadership of the Second World War, are cherished their national interests to retain control over all military development, scientific and technical implementation of the military industry, defense industry of all countries together, that of all troops -soyuznykamy. From the French side in the person of Jean Monnet led this first European Coal and Steel Community.
You must pay tribute and diplomatic protection founders of the European Union. Taking into account all the "pros" and "cons", they appealed to Great Britain (an ally in World War II), as well remembered its past policy failures in European associations. Instead, appropriate pre-prepared soil, with the support of the United States. Jean Monnet sent the draft plan to the French Prime Minister and Robert Schuman. Premier of France put the paper "under the carpet", probably thinking that this question is not relevant. Schumann gave information about the plan German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer (Eng. Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer, German. Kanzlerschaft Konrad Adenauers) to Bonn. German leader so carried away by unifying idea that went even further - long before May France immediately proposed to combine both state (!). Thus Chancellor reached desired: West Germany brought isolation, raised the war-ravaged economy and attained a reliable ally in Paris. French side even had to restrain Chancellor in his grandiose plans for the future, aided and policy of the American president Dwight Eisenhower (Eng. Dwight D. Eisenhower) [2].
Ideologist of joining Jean Monnet, for its part, first of all, established a dialogue with the American side. This contributed US Secretary of State Dean Echeson (in Soviet literature - D. Aycheson). Interestingly, D. Echeson corresponded with Commissar for Foreign Affairs of Soviet Ukraine Oleksandr Korniychuk, giving reasons Joseph Stalin to replace him in this responsible position [3].
In 1985 at the Milan Summit of EU leaders approved the perpetuation day Schuman Declaration and agreed every year to celebrate "Europe Day". By 1997 this holiday was mainly cultural and artistic focus and limited. In 1997-1998. The celebration of Europe Day joined state candidate for EU membership. In these countries, the celebration has acquired a certain political overtones and was aimed at public opinion regarding support for accession to the European Union. Conducted regional conferences and round tables; public debates, appearances on television and radio public figures; broad public awareness campaign; cultural, entertainment and sporting events and more.
Ukraine - the only non-members of the EU, which at the national level marked Europe Day (celebrated this day as in the candidate countries - Macedonia and Turkey).
Mentioned annual event in our country started Decree of the President of Ukraine of 19 April 2003 р. № 339, which set the date of the third Saturday of May celebration in Ukraine Day of Europe [4]. Thus, Ukraine that cherishes European values, which sought a generation Ukrainian, and remember this date - Day of Europe.
Traditionally, the opening ceremony of the Europe Day takes place on the main highway Kyiv - Khreshchatyk, where fitted "European city", consisting of pavilions representing Ukraine, each of the EU Member States and international organizations. Are art contests, public debates with the Ukrainian authorities and the ambassadors of the EU, quizzes on European topics, fitted with "nooks national dishes" EU. Today, large-scale celebrations taking place in different regions of Ukraine as the Day of shared values, common history of all nations of the continent.
Recall that in 1887 in Transcarpathia (which were then part of the Austro-Hungarian) in Verhnotysynskiy basin on the right bank. Tisza was installed six-foot geodesic mark that indicates the geographical center of Europe. The coordinates of the geographic center of Europe: 563 ° 47 'north latitude and 24 ° 1130' east longitude.
So, back to the history of the issue, Robert Schuman and Jean Monnet assumed responsibility for the future of Europe, a Europe without dividing lines and wars. Were they in his first fateful choice? This is a topic for another article, but that they were successful - is undoubtedly proves itself history.
References
1. europa.eu/about-eu/eu-history/founding-fathers/pdf/robert_schuman_en.pdf
2. Dwight D. Eisenhower. General Eisenhower was among those who opposed the use of the atomic bomb against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This five-star general and 34th U.S. president launched the Space Race and created the federal interstate highway system.http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/dwight-d-eisenhower
3. Dean Gooderham Aycheson - (b. 1893), diplomat and statesman in 1949-1953., Assistant Secretary, Deputy Secretary and Secretary of State. The report of the Acheson-Lilienthal 1946 were set out the principles of international control of nuclear weapons, the idea of a NATO proposed the realization of the Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine in favor of countries threatened by communism.
4. http://www.dilovamova.com/index.php?page=10&holiday=102&year=2015
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